19 equal temperament

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Figure 1: 19 TET on the syntonic temperament’s tuning continuum at P5= 694.737 cents, from (Milne et al. 2007).[1]

In music, 19 equal temperament, called 19 TET, 19 EDO ("Equal Division of the Octave"), or 19 ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 19 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 192, or 63.16 cents (About this sound Play ).

19 equal temperament keyboard, after Woolhouse (1835).[2]

The fact that traditional western music maps unambiguously onto this scale makes it easier to perform such music in this tuning than in many other tunings.

Usual notation, as by Easley Blackwood[3] and Wesley Woolhouse,[2] for 19 equal temperament: intervals are notated similarly to those they approximate and there are only two enharmonic equivalents without double sharps or flats (E/F and B/C).[4] About this sound Play .

19 EDO is the tuning of the syntonic temperament in which the tempered perfect fifth is equal to 694.737 cents, as shown in Figure 1 (look for the label "19 TET"). On an isomorphic keyboard, the fingering of music composed in 19 EDO is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning (such as 12 EDO), so long as the notes are “spelled properly” — that is, with no assumption that the sharp below matches the flat immediately above it (enharmonicity).

Joseph Yasser's 19 equal temperament keyboard layout[5]
The comparison between a standard 12 tone classical guitar and a 19 tone guitar design. This is the preliminary data that Arto Juhani Heino used to develop the "Artone 19" guitar design. The measurements are in millimeters.[6]

History[edit | edit source]

Division of the octave into 19 equal-width steps arose naturally out of Renaissance music theory. The ratio of four minor thirds to an octave (648:625 or 62.565 cents – the “greater diesis”) was almost exactly a nineteenth of an octave. Interest in such a tuning system goes back to the 16th century, when composer Guillaume Costeley used it in his chanson Seigneur Dieu ta pitié of 1558. Costeley understood and desired the circulating aspect of this tuning.

In 1577, music theorist Francisco de Salinas in effect proposed it. Salinas discussed ​13 comma meantone, in which the fifth is of size 694.786 cents. The fifth of 19 EDO is 694.737 cents, which is less than a twentieth of a cent narrower: imperceptible and less than tuning error. Salinas suggested tuning nineteen tones to the octave to this tuning, which fails to close by less than a cent, so that his suggestion is effectively 19 EDO.

In the 19th century, mathematician and music theorist Wesley Woolhouse proposed it as a more practical alternative to meantone temperaments he regarded as better, such as 50 EDO.[2]

The composer Joel Mandelbaum wrote his Ph.D. thesis[7] on the properties of the 19 EDO tuning, and advocated for its use. In his thesis, he argued that it is the only viable system with a number of divisions between 12 and 22, and furthermore that the next smallest number of divisions resulting in a significant improvement in approximating just intervals is the 31 tone equal temperament.[8] Mandelbaum and Joseph Yasser have written music with 19 EDO.[9] Easley Blackwood has stated that 19 EDO makes possible "a substantial enrichment of the tonal repertoire".[10]

Interval size[edit | edit source]

About this sound play diatonic scale in 19 EDO , About this sound contrast with diatonic scale in 12 EDO , About this sound contrast with just diatonic scale 

Here are the sizes of some common intervals and comparison with the ratios arising in the harmonic series; the difference column measures in cents the distance from an exact fit to these ratios.

For reference, the difference from the perfect fifth in the widely used 12 TET is 1.955 cents flat, the difference from the major third is 13.686 cents sharp, the minor third is 15.643 cents flat, and the (lost) harmonic minor seventh is 31.174 cents sharp.

Step (cents) 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
Note name A A B B B
C
C C D D D E E E
F
F F G G G A A
Interval (cents) 0 63 126 189 253 316 379 442 505 568 632 695 758 821 884 947 1011 1074 1137 1200
Interval name Size (steps) Size (cents) Midi Just ratio Just (cents) Midi Error (cents)
Octave 19 1200 Template:0Template:0 2:1 1200 Template:0Template:0 0Template:0
Septimal major seventh 18 1136.84 27:14 1137.04 Template:00.20
Major seventh 17 1073.68 15:8 1088.27 −14.58
Minor seventh 16 1010.53 9:5 1017.60 Template:07.07
Harmonic minor seventh 15 Template:0947.37 About this sound Play
 
7:4 Template:0968.83 −21.46
Septimal major sixth 15 Template:0947.37 12:7 Template:0933.13 +14.24
Major sixth 14 Template:0884.21 5:3 Template:0884.36 Template:00.15
Minor sixth 13 Template:0821.05 8:5 Template:0813.69 +Template:07.37
Septimal minor sixth 12 Template:0757.89 14:9 Template:0764.92 Template:07.02
Perfect fifth 11 Template:0694.74 About this sound Play
 
3:2 Template:0701.96 About this sound Play
 
Template:07.22
Greater tridecimal tritone 10 Template:0631.58 13:9Template:0 Template:0636.62 Template:05.04
Greater septimal tritone, diminished fifth 10 Template:0631.58 About this sound Play
 
10:7Template:0 Template:0617.49 About this sound Play
 
+14.09
Lesser septimal tritone, augmented fourth Template:09 Template:0568.42 About this sound Play
 
7:5 Template:0582.51 −14.09
Lesser tridecimal tritone Template:09 Template:0568.42 18:13 Template:0563.38 +Template:05.04
Perfect fourth Template:08 Template:0505.26 About this sound Play
 
4:3 Template:0498.04 About this sound Play
 
+Template:07.22
Tridecimal major third Template:07 Template:0442.11 13:10 Template:0454.12 −10.22
Septimal major third Template:07 Template:0442.11 About this sound Play
 
9:7 Template:0435.08 About this sound Play
 
+Template:07.03
Major third Template:06 Template:0378.95 About this sound Play
 
5:4 Template:0386.31 About this sound Play
 
Template:07.36
Inverted 13th harmonic Template:06 Template:0378.95 16:13 Template:0359.47 +19.48
Minor third Template:05 Template:0315.79 About this sound Play
 
6:5 Template:0315.64 About this sound Play
 
+Template:00.15
Septimal minor third Template:04 Template:0252.63 7:6 Template:0266.87 About this sound Play
 
−14.24
Tridecimal ​54-tone Template:04 Template:0252.63 15:13 Template:0247.74 +Template:04.89
Septimal whole tone Template:04 Template:0252.63 About this sound Play
 
8:7 Template:0231.17 About this sound Play
 
+21.46
Whole tone, major tone Template:03 Template:0189.47 9:8 Template:0203.91 About this sound Play
 
−14.44
Whole tone, minor tone Template:03 Template:0189.47 About this sound Play
 
10:9Template:0 Template:0182.40 About this sound Play
 
+Template:07.07
Greater tridecimal Template:2/3-tone Template:02 Template:0126.32 13:12 Template:0138.57 −12.26
Lesser tridecimal Template:2/3-tone Template:02 Template:0126.32 14:13 Template:0128.30 Template:01.98
Septimal diatonic semitone Template:02 Template:0126.32 15:14 Template:0119.44 About this sound Play
 
+Template:06.88
Diatonic semitone, just Template:02 Template:0126.32 16:15 Template:0111.73 About this sound Play
 
+14.59
Septimal chromatic semitone Template:01 Template:0Template:063.16 About this sound Play
 
21:20 Template:0Template:084.46 −21.31
Chromatic semitone, just Template:01 Template:0Template:063.16 25:24 Template:0Template:070.67 About this sound Play
 
Template:07.51
Septimal third-tone Template:01 Template:0Template:063.16 About this sound Play
 
28:27 Template:0Template:062.96 +Template:00.20

Scale diagram[edit | edit source]

Major chord on C in 19 equal temperament: All notes within 8 cents of just intonation (rather than 14 for 12 equal temperament). About this sound Play 19 ET , About this sound Play just , or About this sound Play 12 ET .
Circle of fifths in 19 tone equal temperament

The 19 tone system can be represented with the traditional letter names and system of sharps and flats by treating flats and sharps as distinct notes; in 19 TET only B is enharmonic with C, and E with F. With this interpretation, the 19 notes in the scale match the table below.

Because 19 is a prime number, repeating any fixed interval in this tuning system cycles through all possible notes; just as one may cycle through 12 EDO on the circle of fifths, since a fifth is 7 semitones, and number 7 does not divide 12 evenly (7 is coprime to 12).

Modes[edit | edit source]

Ionian Mode (Major Scale)[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

C Major C D E F G A B 0
G Major G A B C D E F♯ 1
D Major D E F♯ G A B C♯ 2
A Major A B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ 3
E Major E F♯ G♯ A B C♯ D♯ 4
B Major B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ A♯ 5 C𝄫 Major C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F𝄫 G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 14
F♯ Major F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ E♯ 6 G𝄫 Major G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ 13
C♯ Major C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B♯ 7 D𝄫 Major D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ 12
G♯ Major G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F𝄪 8 A𝄫 Major A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G♭ 11
D♯ Major D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C𝄪 9 E𝄫 Major E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D♭ 10
A♯ Major A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 10 B𝄫 Major B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A♭ 9
E♯ Major E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 11 F♭ Major F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E♭ 8
B♯ Major B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 12 C♭ Major C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ 7
F𝄪 Major F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 13 G♭ Major G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F 6
C𝄪 Major C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B𝄪 14 D♭ Major D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C 5
A♭ Major A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G 4
E♭ Major E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C D 3
B♭ Major B♭ C D E♭ F G A 2
F Major F G A B♭ C D E 1
C Major C D E F G A B 0

Dorian Mode[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

D Dorian D E F G A B C 0
A Dorian A B C D E F♯ G 1
E Dorian E F♯ G A B C♯ D 2
B Dorian B C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A 3
F♯ Dorian F♯ G♯ A B C♯ D♯ E 4
C♯ Dorian C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ A♯ B 5 D𝄫 Dorian D𝄫 E𝄫 F𝄫 G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 14
G♯ Dorian G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ 6 A𝄫 Dorian A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 13
D♯ Dorian D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ 7 E𝄫 Dorian E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 12
A♯ Dorian A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ 8 B𝄫 Dorian B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 11
E♯ Dorian E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ 9 F♭ Dorian F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 10
B♯ Dorian B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ 10 C♭ Dorian C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 9
F𝄪 Dorian F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ 11 G♭ Dorian G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ 8
C𝄪 Dorian C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ 12 D♭ Dorian D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ 7
G𝄪 Dorian G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 13 A♭ Dorian A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F G♭ 6
D𝄪 Dorian D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B𝄪 C𝄪 14 E♭ Dorian E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C D♭ 5
B♭ Dorian B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ 4
F Dorian F G A♭ B♭ C D E♭ 3
C Dorian C D E♭ F G A B♭ 2
G Dorian G A B♭ C D E F 1
D Dorian D E F G A B C 0

Phrygian Mode[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

E Phrygian E F G A B C D 0
B Phrygian B C D E F♯ G A 1
F♯ Phrygian F♯ G A B C♯ D E 2
C♯ Phrygian C♯ D E F♯ G♯ A B 3
G♯ Phrygian G♯ A B C♯ D♯ E F♯ 4
D♯ Phrygian D♯ E F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ 5 E𝄫 Phrygian E𝄫 F𝄫 G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 14
A♯ Phrygian A♯ B C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ 6 B𝄫 Phrygian B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 13
E♯ Phrygian E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ 7 F♭ Phrygian F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 12
B♯ Phrygian B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ 8 C♭ Phrygian C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 11
F𝄪 Phrygian F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ 9 G♭ Phrygian G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ 10
C𝄪 Phrygian C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ 10 D♭ Phrygian D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ 9
G𝄪 Phrygian G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 11 A♭ Phrygian A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ 8
D𝄪 Phrygian D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 12 E♭ Phrygian E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ 7
A𝄪 Phrygian A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 13 B♭ Phrygian B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ 6
E𝄪 Phrygian E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B𝄪 C𝄪 D𝄪 14 F Phrygian F G♭ A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ 5
C Phrygian C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ 4
G Phrygian G A♭ B♭ C D E♭ F 3
D Phrygian D E♭ F G A B♭ C 2
A Phrygian A B♭ C D E F G 1
E Phrygian E F G A B C D 0

Lydian Mode[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

F Lydian F G A B C D E 0
C Lydian C D E F♯ G A B 1
G Lydian G A B C♯ D E F♯ 2
D Lydian D E F♯ G♯ A B C♯ 3
A Lydian A B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ 4
E Lydian E F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ 5 F𝄫 Lydian F𝄫 G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 14
B Lydian B C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ 6 C𝄫 Lydian C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 13
F♯ Lydian F♯ G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ 7 G𝄫 Lydian G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ 12
C♯ Lydian C♯ D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ 8 D𝄫 Lydian D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ 11
G♯ Lydian G♯ A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 9 A𝄫 Lydian A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ 10
D♯ Lydian D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 10 E𝄫 Lydian E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ 9
A♯ Lydian A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 11 B𝄫 Lydian B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ 8
E♯ Lydian E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 12 F♭ Lydian F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ 7
B♯ Lydian B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 13 C♭ Lydian C♭ D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ 6
F𝄪 Lydian F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B𝄪 C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 14 G♭ Lydian G♭ A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ F 5
D♭ Lydian D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C 4
A♭ Lydian A♭ B♭ C D E♭ F G 3
E♭ Lydian E♭ F G A B♭ C D 2
B♭ Lydian B♭ C D E F G A 1
F Lydian F G A B C D E 0

Mixolydian Mode[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

G Mixolydian G A B C D E F 0
D Mixolydian D E F♯ G A B C 1
A Mixolydian A B C♯ D E F♯ G 2
E Mixolydian E F♯ G♯ A B C♯ D 3
B Mixolydian B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ A 4
F♯ Mixolydian F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ E 5 G𝄫 Mixolydian G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F𝄫 14
C♯ Mixolydian C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B 6 D𝄫 Mixolydian D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 13
G♯ Mixolydian G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ 7 A𝄫 Mixolydian A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 12
D♯ Mixolydian D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ 8 E𝄫 Mixolydian E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 11
A♯ Mixolydian A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ 9 B𝄫 Mixolydian B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 10
E♯ Mixolydian E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ 10 F♭ Mixolydian F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 9
B♯ Mixolydian B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ 11 C♭ Mixolydian C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 8
F𝄪 Mixolydian F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ 12 G♭ Mixolydian G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ 7
C𝄪 Mixolydian C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ 13 D♭ Mixolydian D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ 6
G𝄪 Mixolydian G𝄪 A𝄪 B𝄪 C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 14 A♭ Mixolydian A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G♭ 5
E♭ Mixolydian E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C D♭ 4
B♭ Mixolydian B♭ C D E♭ F G A♭ 3
F Mixolydian F G A B♭ C D E♭ 2
C Mixolydian C D E F G A B♭ 1
G Mixolydian G A B C D E F 0

Aeolian Mode (Natural Minor Scale)[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

A Minor A B C D E F G 0
E Minor E F♯ G A B C D 1
B Minor B C♯ D E F♯ G A 2
F♯ Minor F♯ G♯ A B C♯ D E 3
C♯ Minor C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ A B 4
G♯ Minor G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ E F♯ 5 A𝄫 Minor A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F𝄫 G𝄫 14
D♯ Minor D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ 6 E𝄫 Minor E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 13
A♯ Minor A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ 7 B𝄫 Minor B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 12
E♯ Minor E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ 8 F♭ Minor F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 11
B♯ Minor B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ 9 C♭ Minor C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 10
F𝄪 Minor F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ 10 G♭ Minor G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ 9
C𝄪 Minor C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ 11 D♭ Minor D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ 8
G𝄪 Minor G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 12 A♭ Minor A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ 7
D𝄪 Minor D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 13 E♭ Minor E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ 6
A𝄪 Minor A𝄪 B𝄪 C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 14 B♭ Minor B♭ C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ 5
F Minor F G A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ 4
C Minor C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ 3
G Minor G A B♭ C D E♭ F 2
D Minor D E F G A B♭ C 1
A Minor A B C D E F G 0

Locrian Mode[edit | edit source]

Key Signature Number of

Sharps

Key Signature Number of

Flats

B Locrian B C D E F G A 0
F♯ Locrian F♯ G A B C D E 1
C♯ Locrian C♯ D E F♯ G A B 2
G♯ Locrian G♯ A B C♯ D E F♯ 3
D♯ Locrian D♯ E F♯ G♯ A B C♯ 4
A♯ Locrian A♯ B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯ 5 B𝄫 Locrian B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 F𝄫 G𝄫 A𝄫 14
E♯ Locrian E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯ 6 F♭ Locrian F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 C𝄫 D𝄫 E𝄫 13
B♯ Locrian B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯ 7 C♭ Locrian C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ G𝄫 A𝄫 B𝄫 12
F𝄪 Locrian F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯ 8 G♭ Locrian G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ D𝄫 E𝄫 F♭ 11
C𝄪 Locrian C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 G♯ A♯ B♯ 9 D♭ Locrian D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ A𝄫 B𝄫 C♭ 10
G𝄪 Locrian G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 D♯ E♯ F𝄪 10 A♭ Locrian A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ E𝄫 F♭ G♭ 9
D𝄪 Locrian D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 A♯ B♯ C𝄪 11 E♭ Locrian E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B𝄫 C♭ D♭ 8
A𝄪 Locrian A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 E♯ F𝄪 G𝄪 12 B♭ Locrian B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ 7
E𝄪 Locrian E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 B♯ C𝄪 D𝄪 13 F Locrian F G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭ 6
B𝄪 Locrian B𝄪 C𝄪 D𝄪 E𝄪 F𝄪 G𝄪 A𝄪 14 C Locrian C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ 5
G Locrian G A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ F 4
D Locrian D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C 3
A Locrian A B♭ C D E♭ F G 2
E Minor E F G A B♭ C D 1
B Locrian B C D E F G A 0

See also[edit | edit source]

Sources[edit | edit source]

  1. Milne, A.; Sethares, W.A.; Plamondon, J. (Winter 2007). "Isomorphic controllers and dynamic tuning: Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum". Computer Music Journal. 31 (4): 15–32. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Woolhouse, W. S. B. (1835). Essay on Musical Intervals, Harmonics, and the Temperament of the Musical Scale, &c. London: J. Souter. 
  3. Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). Toward a Quarter-Tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky. p. 52. ISBN 9780542998478. .
  4. "19 EDO". TonalSoft.com. 
  5. Joseph Yasser. "A Theory of Evolving Tonality". MusAnim.com. 
  6. Heino, Arto Juhani. "Artone 19 Guitar Design".  Heino names the 19 note scale Parvatic.
  7. Mandelbaum, M. Joel (1961). Multiple Division of the Octave and the Tonal Resources of 19 Tone Temperament (Thesis). 
  8. Gamer, C. (Spring 1967). "Some combinational resources of equal-tempered systems". Journal of Music Theory. 11 (1): 32–59. JSTOR 842948. 
  9. Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). Toward a Quarter-Tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky. p. 51 note 6. ISBN 9780542998478.  who cites Leedy, Douglas (1991). "A Venerable Temperament Rediscovered". Perspectives of New Music. 29 (2): 205. 
  10. Skinner 2007, p.76.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Levy, Kenneth J. (1955). Costeley's Chromatic Chanson. Annales Musicologues: Moyen-Age et Renaissance. III. pp. 213–261. 

External links[edit | edit source]

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